Antibody, also called Immunoglobulin, is a large Y globulin secreted by Effector B cell which is used in identifying and neutralizing the outsiders like bacterial and virus. Antibody is only found in blood ,body fluid and cytomembrane’s surface of Vertebrate. In addition, antiboy can identify ... Views: 160
AMOT family, also known as the Motin family, has three members: angiomotin (AMOT), angiomotin-like protein 1 (AMOTL1), and angiomotin-like protein 2 (AMOTL2). There are two shear isomers of AMOT, AMOT-P130 and AMOT-P80. AMOT was first discovered and named in 2001. Existing studies have shown ... Views: 186
Phosphonates or phosphonic acids are organic compounds containing C–PO(OH)2 or C–PO(OR)2 groups (where R = alkyl, aryl). Most phosphonates are highly water-soluble, while phosphonic acids are only sparingly soluble. Phosphonates are not volatile and are poorly soluble in organic solvents. ... Views: 173
The concept of proteolytic targeting chimera (PROTAC) was first proposed by Crews and Deshaies laboratory in 2001, the team successfully achieved the degradation of methionyl aminopeptidase 2 (MetAp-2) by PROTAC method. Since then, PROTACs targeting androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor ... Views: 179
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) can cause acute and highly contagious infectious diseases in cats, namely feline infectious rhinotracheitis. In 1958, FHV-1 was isolated and identified for the first time from kittens suffering from respiratory diseases in the United States by Crandell et al. ... Views: 142
Influenza A viruses, the culprits of respiratory illness in humans, are a complex and multifaceted group of viruses. Among the numerous subtypes of Influenza A, H1N1 and H3N2 with a notorious history of causing seasonal epidemics and pandemics, demand special attention.
Influenza A H1N1, also ... Views: 164
When diagnosing cancer, most of the tests used by doctors (such as mammography, colonoscopy, and CT scans) are based on imaging. Engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have now created new diagnostic nanoparticles that can be used to monitor tumor recurrence after treatment or to ... Views: 172
Gene therapy refers to the introduction of normal foreign genes into target cells to compensate or correct diseases caused by gene defects or abnormalities, so as to achieve the purpose of treatment. Naked DNA usually requires physical methods to enter tissues or cells, and DNA is easily ... Views: 169
Biopharmaceutical impurities can be divided into two categories: extraneous contaminants and product-related impurities. Extraneous contaminants include microbial contamination, pyrogens, cellular components, components in culture media, substances from various steps in the production process, ... Views: 151
Transglutaminase (TGase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the acyl transfer reaction. It uses the C-carboxamide group of the glutamine residue in the peptide bond as the acyl donor, and the E-amino group of the lysyl residue in the polypeptide chain as the acyl acceptor, forming intramolecular and ... Views: 169
Chitin is the second largest natural polymer after cellulose, and it exists widely in nature, such as shells of crustaceans such as shrimps, crabs, insects, and cell walls of fungi. Although chitin has good biocompatibility and biodegradability, its poor solubility limits its practicality in the ... Views: 222
Melamine (1, 3, 5-triamino-2, 4, 6-triazine) resin, or melamine formaldehyde (MF) is one of the hardest and stiffest thermosetting polymers, which provides good properties and performance. It is an amino resin and has various material advantages, such as transparency, better hardness, thermal ... Views: 209
Mesothelin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein. Its biological function has not yet been clarified, but due to its limited distribution in normal tissues and high expression in some tumor tissues, it is expected to be used in tumor-specific treatment.
In ... Views: 202
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bilateral motor (eg, bradykinesia, resting tremor, postural instability, rigidity) and nonmotor (eg, memory loss, depression) disability. About 10 million people worldwide suffer from Parkinson’s disease. ... Views: 169
Porcine pseudorabies (PR) is an acute infectious disease of pigs caused by porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV). PRV belongs to the herpesviridae family, the alphaherpesviridae subfamily, and the genus porcine herpesvirus, which is a linear DNA virus. PRV can cause vomiting, high fever and ... Views: 188
Since the discovery of cowpox inoculation to prevent smallpox in the 18th century, vaccines have become an important means for human beings to resist pathogen infection and prevent the occurrence of diseases. Although immunization has eliminated or controlled the spread and pathogenic hazards of ... Views: 182
Malignant tumors are a major global public health problem, the leading cause of death in developing countries and the second leading cause of death in developed countries. Traditional treatment methods such as surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have serious side effects on the ... Views: 187
Gold nanocages refer to the hollow gold nanostructures with porous walls that were developed by Sun and Xia and Chen et al. in the early 2000s. The hollow and porous structures are synthesized by the galvanic replacement between silver nanocubes and chloroauric acid in aqueous solution. By ... Views: 210
Nucleic acid is the main material for storing, copying, and transmitting genetic information. Nucleic acid extraction is one of the most fundamental steps in molecular biology applications and is a prerequisite for many experiments. The quality of extracted nucleic acid will directly affect the ... Views: 196
Liposomes are ultra-micro spherical carrier preparations formed by lipid bilayers, and are typical representatives of nano-drug delivery systems. When amphiphilic molecules such as phospholipids are dispersed in the aqueous phase, the hydrophobic tails of the molecules gather together, and the ... Views: 196
According to data from the European Food Safety Authority, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the EU Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, large-scale bird flu has occurred in Europe since June in 2022, affecting 37 European countries, from Norway to Sri Lanka. The Valbar ... Views: 172
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) belongs to the Arteriviridae family and belongs to the Arterivirus. PRRSV can be divided into type I (PRRSV type I) and type II (PRRSV type II). The main clinical symptoms are abortion, stillbirth and mummified fetus of pregnant sows, ... Views: 148
Iron oxides are common compounds, which are widespread in nature and can be readily synthesized in the laboratory. Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) typically refer to the materials that consist of magnetite (Fe3O4) or maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and have a size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. These ... Views: 192
Coating refers to the unit operation of applying a layer of outer coating material to the dry surface of the formulation. This coating material not only makes the product easier to identify, but even improves the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug by altering its release: ensuring that the ... Views: 194
African swine fever(ASF) is a contagious infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) that spreads only among domestic pigs and wild boars, with a rapid onset, short course of disease, and a fatality rate of 100%. This article summarizes the latest progress in the detection ... Views: 176
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Brucella, and it is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world, which brings great losses to the animal husbandry industry. Here, we will outline several aspects about the pathogen, living environment, identification, and ... Views: 202
Biodegradable polymers are most often referred to as “biopolymers” because most of these polymers are derived from various natural sources. There are few in the list of biodegradable biopolymers in nature. PLA, PHA and starch are the most commonly used biopolymers that have minimal or minimal ... Views: 246
Ultrasound imaging is a well-established clinical imaging technique that provides real-time, quantitative anatomical and physiological information about the human body. It uses high-frequency sound waves to look inside the body, and as ultrasound images are captured in real-time, they can also ... Views: 201
Measles virus (MV) is the causative agent of measles in children. Measles is a highly contagious infectious disease. According to the World Health Organization, about 20 million children worldwide suffer from measles every year. Measles virus is highly contagious and has high morbidity. In ... Views: 197
Legionnaires’ disease (LD) first broke out on a large scale at a military rally in Philadelphia in 1976, killing 34 people. Since then, there have been outbreaks or sporadic transmission of Legionnaires’ disease in the community, in hospitals, and in travel. Legionella is a facultative ... Views: 187
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) form long-range ordered geometric structures through the coordination and binding of metal ions and small organic molecules, changing metal elements and small organic molecules, resulting in an ever-expanding family of MOFs. Due to their excellent properties such ... Views: 211
Computed tomography, or CT, was developed in 1960s and early 1970s. It refers to a computerized X-ray imaging procedure in which a narrow beam of X-rays is aimed at the patient and rapidly revolves around the body, producing signals that are processed by a machine computer to generate a ... Views: 225
The complement system is considered to be a biological effector system composed of a group of thermolabile enzymatically active globulins on the surface of serum, tissue fluid and cell membrane. The membrane attack complex is finally formed by a complex enzymatic cascade reaction, which realizes ... Views: 192
Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus. Monkeypox virus is a virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus of the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox virus has the typical shape of Orthopox virus, with a rounded brick shape or an oval shape and a size of 200-400 nm. The virus is enveloped by a ... Views: 201
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a large enveloped virus of double-stranded DNA among the eight known herpesviruses. After EBV infection of cells, it accumulates in the nucleus, and there are two life cycles, with alternating phases of latency and lysis. EBV infection is associated with a variety of ... Views: 185
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a large enveloped virus of double-stranded DNA among the eight known herpesviruses. After EBV infection of cells, it accumulates in the nucleus, and there are two life cycles, with alternating phases of latency and lysis. EBV infection is associated with a variety of ... Views: 221
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a kind of γ-herpes virus that is infected with human beings. In 1964, the Epstein team found in Burkittlymphoma (BL) that it consists of a double-chain DNA of 184 KB, mainly through saliva spread. 95%of the world’s people have been infected with EBV, which can be ... Views: 210
What are polyacrylates nanoparticles?
Polyacrylates are an important class of soft, tough and rubbery polymers, which are known for their high transparency, good impact toughness and elasticity. Polyacrylates and their copolymers are one of the polymeric nanoparticles (NPs).
Polymeric ... Views: 176
Sucrose is a disaccharide with a unique structure. It is a non-reducing sugar formed by removing a molecule of water from the glycoside hydroxyl group of a molecule of α-D-(+)-glucopyranose and a molecule of β-D-(-)-fructofuranose. During the hydrolysis process, the specific optical rotation of ... Views: 214
Glucosamine is a natural component of cartilage and is widely used as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement to reduce the pain and cartilage loss of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is usually taken in combination with chondroitin, which is a glycosaminoglycan that also exists in ... Views: 256
Nanoplates are classified as having only one dimension in the nanometre range. The most widely utilized types of nanoplates are silicate clay minerals (montmorillonite) and graphite, which both exist in the form of layered materials. The main advantage of layered nanomaterials is their ... Views: 289
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important food-borne pathogen that causes food contamination and food poisoning. It is also a symbiont of human skin and mucous membranes. About 20% to 30% of healthy individuals carry Staphylococcus aureus. Animal foods are susceptible to Staphylococcus ... Views: 284
Although natural hirudin is in great demand in clinical and pharmaceutical research, it is not easy to obtain. With the gradual exhaustion of natural leech resources, the gap between supply and demand is expanding year by year. In order to alleviate the shortage of leech resources, researchers ... Views: 210
Glucosamine is a natural component of cartilage and is widely used as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement to reduce the pain and cartilage loss of osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is usually taken in combination with chondroitin, which is a glycosaminoglycan that also exists in ... Views: 229
Melamine (1, 3, 5-triamino-2, 4, 6-triazine) resin, or melamine formaldehyde (MF) is one of the hardest and stiffest thermosetting polymers, which provides good properties and performance. It is an amino resin and has various material advantages, such as transparency, better hardness, thermal ... Views: 274
An international team of researchers has discovered the first human antibody that effectively neutralizes two types of hantaviruses in animal models, according to a study published online in the journal Science Translational Medicine. Based on their preliminary results, the antibody appears to ... Views: 188
Strongyloides is an opportunistic pathogenic parasitic nematode. Adults parasitize in the small intestine of cats, dogs and humans. The larvae can invade lung, brain, liver, kidney and other tissues and organs, causing strongyloidiasis. The disease is mainly prevalent in warm and humid tropical ... Views: 233
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles which exhibit size and composition-dependent optical and electronic (optoelectronic) properties. QDs are ultrasmall, typically falling in the size range between 1.5 and 10.0 nm. QDs are new types of fluorescent materials for biological labeling. ... Views: 206
Heparin, also known as standard heparin or unfractionated heparin, is a linear polysaccharide consisting of 1-4 linked disaccharide repeat units of uronic acid and glucosamine residues. Heparin was discovered nearly 100 years ago and has been used clinically as a blood anticoagulant since 1935. ... Views: 202
Over the past few decades, there have been multiple outbreaks of viruses causing severe and severe disease around the world, including known and unknown viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV, Ebola, Lassa fever, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Rift Valley fever virus and Middle East ... Views: 223