Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a functional polymer organic compound randomly polymerized by lactic acid (PLA) and glycolic acid (PGA). It has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration It is certified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is a copolymer material ... Views: 2
POCT (Point-of-Care Testing) refers to clinical and bedside testing conducted in close proximity to patients. It is often not performed by clinical laboratory personnel. POCT holds significant importance in disease prevention, etiology determination, prognosis, enhancing treatment outcomes, and ... Views: 2
Respiratory syncytial virus was isolated from the cold-like respiratory tract of chimpanzees in 1956. It is called respiratory syncytial virus because it causes the fusion of adjacent cells during cell culture and the formation of syncytial-like structures in the cells. According to different ... Views: 2
Snake bites seriously threaten public health security in tropical and subtropical countries and regions. Due to the high mortality and disability rates caused by venomous snake bites, there are an estimated 1.8 to 2.7 million snake bites worldwide each year, with 81,000 to 138,000 related ... Views: 2
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are conjugated products of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and cytotoxic small molecules. In tumor treatment, although monoclonal antibodies have good targeting properties, most of them target extracellular or cell surface antigens, have weak anti-tumor activity, ... Views: 23
What are Dyed Polystyrene Latex Particles?
Polystyrene particles (PSP) are commercially available in different sizes, ranging from 15 nanometers to several micrometers, with narrow size distributions and various surface chemistries. Additionally, polystyrene is generally considered inert and ... Views: 24
Procalcitonin (PCT) is the propeptide of calcitonin. The production of procalcitonin during infection and sepsis does not depend on calcitonin levels, but is closely related to the release of endotoxin and inflammatory mediators in bacterial infection. Traditional biological markers, clinical ... Views: 23
GLP-2 (glucagon-likepeptide-2) was discovered and named by the Lilly Laboratory in the United States when cloning the proglucagon gene (PG). In 1996, Drucker et al. discovered that the active ingredient in proglucagon-derived peptide (PGDP) that promotes intestinal mucosal growth is GLP-2. Its ... Views: 22
Zeta potential (ZP) is a physical property exhibited by any particle in a suspension, macromolecule or material surface. ZP is an analytical technique used to determine the surface charge of nanoparticles in colloidal solutions. The surface of a charged particle attracts and binds firmly to a ... Views: 41
As a promising systemic drug delivery method, transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is easier and more convenient to operate than traditional oral, intravenous and subcutaneous injection methods. It can improve patient compliance while also avoiding First-pass effect and drug side effects. As ... Views: 44
Genetically engineered drugs are introduced into host cells such as Escherichia coli, yeast or mammalian cells through recombinant technology to construct engineering strains or cell strains, and then undergo specific expression, assembly, folding and post-translational modification processes to ... Views: 43
The incidence and prevalence of diabetes are increasing year by year globally, and patients with diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to the presence of abnormal myocardial structure and performance in the absence of ... Views: 40
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are two key surface plasmon technologies that ultimately enable single-molecule-level chemical and biological sensors. Due to the tremendous progress in solution-based synthesis methods, plasmonic nanoparticles with ... Views: 55
Micelles refer to molecularly ordered aggregates that begin to form in large quantities after the surfactant concentration reaches a certain value in an aqueous solution. In micelles, the hydrophobic groups of surfactant molecules aggregate to form the core of the micelle, and the hydrophilic ... Views: 56
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset. Clinically, it is characterized by comprehensive dementia manifestations such as memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, impairment of visuospatial skills, executive dysfunction, and personality ... Views: 50
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) belongs to the herpesvirus alpha subfamily and has a unique 4-layer structure. The core of HSV is a linear double-stranded DNA of about 152 000 bp, surrounded by an icosahedral capsid. The outer capsid is a membrane, which contains more than 20 important proteins that ... Views: 50
Introduction to 3D Printing
In the 1980s, American engineer Charles Hull developed rapid prototyping technology by combining points and surfaces and then using light reinforcement. After numerous failures, he finally invented stereolithography technology. Based on this technology, the world’s ... Views: 67
Magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) is a highly specific cell sorting technique that integrates immunology, cell biology, and magnetic mechanics. Its high specificity comes from the specific recognition of antibody antigens. MACS technology has become the standard method of cell sorting, from ... Views: 71
As a tumor suppressor, p53 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancers. Due to its important role in tumor suppression, p53 has attracted great interest from researchers in drug development. As a transcription factor, p53 is directly or indirectly involved in regulating many ... Views: 51
The tumor microenvironment is composed of tumor cells and non-tumor cells (including fibroblasts, vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, various immune cells) and extracellular components (such as extracellular matrix, cytokines, inflammatory factors, chemokines, etc.) in tumor tissues. ... Views: 66
In the past few decades, the advent of lipid-based nano-delivery systems has brought research in the field of nanomedicines to new heights. Nanocarriers can encapsulate different types of drug molecules and have the advantages of improving drug solubility, extending circulation, achieving ... Views: 74
With the continuous development of nanotechnology, gold nanoparticles are widely used in the field of medicine. Gold nanoparticles not only have good controllability, biocompatibility, and biosorption, but also have a high degree of stability, and can achieve specific biometrics and functions ... Views: 90
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important class of food-borne pathogens that cause food contamination and food poisoning, and is also a symbiont of human skin and mucous membranes. Studies have found that about 20%~30 % of healthy individuals carry Staphylococcus aureus. Animal foods are ... Views: 68
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a class of Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria that was first isolated in 1881. The chemical composition of the mucus layer on the surface of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a polysaccharide capsule, which is the main pathogenic substance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and has ... Views: 93
Nanotechnology has not only received attention and applications in the field of drug delivery, but also has achieved many successes in the field of tissue engineering. Nano dressings can be defined as dressings in which nanomaterials are the matrix. The birth of nano dressings has brought new ... Views: 111
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) micro- and nanoparticles are highly spherical, optically clear, and can be dissolved with solvents. These PMMA particles are hydrophilic, transparent, amorphous and colorless thermoplastics that are featured with excellent UV resistance.
What is PMMA used ... Views: 103
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of beta cells first, leading to the destruction of related pancreatic islet function. In patients with this disease, generally their humoral immunity and cellular immunity cannot work normally. Humoral immunity is ... Views: 102
Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of beta cells, leading to the destruction of related pancreatic islet functions. In patients with this disease, both humoral and cellular immunity generally do not work properly. Among them, humoral immunity is mainly ... Views: 85
Protein accounts for 18-20% of the total mass of the human body and is the main carrier of human life activity. Protein has a range of complex functions in the organism, and many human diseases are closely related to the functional regulation of protein. For example, Parkinson’s disease (PD). It ... Views: 107
Colloidal gold is a certain-size gold particle synthesized by gold ion reduction and polymerization of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) under the action of reducing agents such as white phosphorus, ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, tannic acid, and so on. Due to electrostatic action, gold particles repel ... Views: 127
Gangliosides (GA) are a class of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) containing sialic acid, which are widely distributed in tissues and body fluids, and are most abundant in the nervous system, where their expression accounts for 10 % ~ 12% of the total lipids in nerve cell membranes.
Gangliosides ... Views: 122
Tripartite-motif Protein Family (TRIM)
TRIM is composed of more than 80 proteins with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. According to the different structures of TRIM proteins, they are divided into 11 subfamilies (C-I-C-Ⅺ), of which the C-Ⅳ subfamily has the most members, including 33 TRIMs ... Views: 117
Polylactide (PLA), also the polylactic acid, is the biodegradable hydrolyzable aliphatic semicrystalline polyester that can be produced through the direct condensation reaction of its monomer, lactic acid, as the oligomer, and also by a ring-opening polymerization of the cyclic lactide ... Views: 126
Iron oxide nanoparticles have high stability, good dispersion, simple preparation and good biocompatibility. They have shown a wide range of application prospects in the fields of sensor detection, disease diagnosis, gene therapy vectors, and targeted drug delivery. Recently, a research team has ... Views: 128
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a clinically common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, which is seriously harmful to human health, and according to the survey, liver cancer accounts for the fifth largest incidence of tumors worldwide and the third mortality rate. At present, liver cancer in ... Views: 131
Aspartame is an artificial dipeptide sweetener, which is synthesized from L-phenylalanine and aspartic acid, and its scientific name is L-aspartic acid-L-phenylalanine methyl ester. It is a white crystalline powder that can be hydrolyzed into aspartic acid and phenylalanine in the body acid, ... Views: 146
Micro needle (MN) is a micro needle-shaped structure, the length of 100 ~ 1000μm, the bottom diameter of several hundred micrometers, the tip diameter is less than a few dozen micrometer, usually in the form of micro- needle array sticker, can penetrate the skin surface cortex to form ... Views: 128
Microplastics (such as polystyrene particles), which are small plastic particles, films, fragments, pellets, and textile fibers, are the main carriers that cause environmental pollution. Microplastics, whose particle sizes range from a few microns to a few millimeters, are inhomogeneous plastic ... Views: 139
Respiratory tract infection is an important cause of human morbidity and death worldwide and one of the main causes of death in children under 5 years old. Since 2001, researchers in the Netherlands reported a new virus related to respiratory tract infections in humans, especially infants – ... Views: 136
Since Dutch researchers discovered human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in 2001, hMPV and its subtypes have been detected in many countries. hMPV is a respiratory pathogenic virus, which belongs to paramyxovirus, and can express a variety of proteins. Among them, the G, F, and M2 gene proteins are the ... Views: 144
Carbon dots (CDs) are a new type of zero-dimensional fluorescent nanomaterials with a size of less than 10 nm, which are composed of a graphitized sp2 carbon core and a shell containing abundant groups such as amino groups, ether groups, carbonyl groups, and hydroxyl groups on the surface, has ... Views: 131
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are particles composed of silver atoms, and their particle sizes are usually in the range of 100 nm. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, silver nanoparticles have been widely used in medical, food, health, consumer, and industrial fields. These ... Views: 148
In recent years, with the changes in human environment and diseases, the incidence of fungal infections has been increasing year by year. Candida albicans is one of the important pathogens causing fungal infections. In addition, it is also an important food-borne pathogen.
Therefore, it is of ... Views: 141
Inflammation is a series of complex response events produced by the host system to pathogen infection and various tissue injuries. When the inflammatory response continues, it enters the stage of “uncontrollable inflammation”, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of ... Views: 130
Pectin is a hydrophilic vegetable gum. Widely present in the fruits, roots, stems and leaves of higher plants, it is a component of the cell wall. The pectin ontent of different plants or different parts of the same plant varies greatly. So far, only a few plants with high pectin content have ... Views: 159
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen causing suppurative infection in humans and animals, and it is also one of the common pathogens causing human food poisoning. Staphylococcus aureus is widely distributed in nature, such as air, soil, water, and other environments. This bacteria is ... Views: 144
Inflammation is an important defense response of the body that can control and clear various endogenous or exogenous damaging factors acting on the body, and also has a role in repairing damage. However, excessive or persistent inflammation can also cause damage to tissues and organs. ... Views: 153
After the host is infected by the virus, the immune system can generate a corresponding immune response. Antibodies specific to viral surface proteins produced at this time can often prevent the virus from adhering to the surface of host cells, making it incapable of infecting cells. However, in ... Views: 144
Drug delivery is the process of administering pharmaceutical substances to targeted areas in the body. It plays a vital role in the effective treatment of various diseases. However, drug delivery is often challenged by the body’s natural defenses, such as the gastrointestinal tract and the ... Views: 185
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a cationic polymer that contains repeating units composed of an amine group and a CH2CH2 spacer. Notably, PEI is an organic polymer that has the highest positive charge density potential as every third atom of this polymer is a protonable amino nitrogen. Two forms of ... Views: 159